There are two main types of Search Engines:
Search Crawler or Spider
The search crawler or spider visits a web page, reads it, and then follows links to other pages within the site.
Everything the spider finds goes into the second part of a search engine, the index. The index is like a database that contains the information the spider found during its crawl. Whenever a user enters a keyword of keywords into the search box, the search engines searches through the indext to find the word(s) or phrase and returns the matching results.
Examples:
Directories:
Directories are created by a person who actually creates your website's listing on the search page, as opposed to a "robot" or "spider" to do this automatically. A short description and the url to your website is submitted to the search engine owners. If approved, the search owners then assigns your website to an appropriate category or categories within the large search website.
Directories often provide much more targeted results than search engines. A Search for the directory site looks for matches only within the descriptions submitted - not information found on your web pages. To update your web sites description, you typically submit an online update to the search engine's webmaster.
Examples:
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